Understanding the Oslo Libraries

Underpinning all of the OpenStack projects including Nova, Cinder, Keystone, Glance, Horizon, Heat, Trove, Murano and others is a set of core common libraries that provide a consistent, highly tested and compatible feature set. The Oslo project is a collection of over 30 libraries that are designed to reduce the technical debt of code duplication across projects and provide for a greater quality code path due to the frequency of use in OpenStack projects.

These libraries provide a variety of different features from the more commonly used functionality found in projects including configuration, logging, caching, messaging and database management to more specific features like deprecation management, handling plugins as well as frameworks for command line programs and state machines. The Oslo Python libraries are designed to be Python 2.7 and Python 3.4 compatible, leading the way in migration towards Python 3.

The first stable Oslo library oslo.config was included in the Grizzly release. Now over 30 libraries comprise the Oslo project. These libraries fall into a number of broad categories.

1. Stable OpenStack specific libraries

These libraries, using the olso. prefix are generally well described the library name.

  • oslo.cache
  • oslo.concurrency
  • oslo.context
  • oslo.config
  • oslo.db
  • oslo.i18n
  • oslo.log
  • oslo.messaging
  • oslo.middleware
  • oslo.policy
  • oslo.privsep
  • oslo.reports
  • oslo.serialization
  • oslo.service
  • oslo.utils
  • oslo.versionedobjects
  • oslo.vmware

2. Python libraries that can easily operate with other projects

In addition to the oslo namespace libraries, Oslo has a number of generically named libraries that are not OpenStack specific. The goal is that these libraries can be utilized outside of OpenStack by any Python project. These include:

  • automaton – a framework for building state machines.
  • cliff – a framework for building command line programs.
  • debtcollector – a collection of python patterns that help you collect your technical debt in a non-destructive manner (following deprecation patterns and strategies and so-on).
  • futurist – a collection of async functionality and additions from the future.
  • osprofiler – an OpenStack cross-project profiling library.
  • hacking – a library that provides a set of tools for enforcing coding style guidelines.
  • pbr – (or Python Build Reasonableness) is a add-on library that helps provide (and enforce) a set of sensible default setuptools behaviours.
  • pyCADF – a python implementation of the DMTF Cloud Audit (CADF) data model.
  • stevedore – a library for managing plugins for Python applications.
  • taskflow – a library that helps create applications that handle state/failures… in a reasonable manner.
  • tooz – a library that aims at centralizing the most common distributed primitives like group membership protocol, lock service and leader election

3. Convenience libraries

There are also several libraries that are used during the creation of, or support of OpenStack libraries.

The first was oslo-incubator where as the name suggests, initial libraries were incubated. As this code matured it was refactored into standard libraries. Projects have either graduated, been incorporated elsewhere or been deprecated. While the Oslo Incubator has been removed of libraries in Mitaka, one of the goals of the Newton cycle is to see the adoption of Oslo libraries in all projects. We will be providing a series of blogs to detail the walkthrough and reviews of existing projects for reference.

Other libraries include:

  • oslosphinx is a sphinx add-on library that provides theme and extension support for generating documentation with Sphinx. The Developer Documentation, Release Notes, a number of the OpenStack manuals including the Configuration Reference and now the Nova API Reference rely on this library.

  • oslotest is a helper library that provides base classes and fixtures for creating unit and functional tests.
  • oslo-cookiecutter is a project that creates a skeleton Oslo library from a set of templates.

4. Proposed or deprecated libraries

Some libraries fall outside of these categories, such as oslo.rootwrap. This was a mature library for handling fine filtering of shell commands to run as root. This is now deprecated in favor of oslo.privsep which is a mechanism for running selected python code with elevated privileges.

pylockfile is a legacy (and adopted) inter-process lock management library that was never used within OpenStack.

The oslo.version is an example of a proposed library at present to help in using python metadata to determine versioning.

The Oslo team is also evaluating what other common code may be suitable for an Oslo library.

The meaning behind the Oslo Name

Each OpenStack project has some reason behind the name. Oslo is in reference to the Oslo Peace Accords and “bringing peace” to the OpenStack project.

Oslo is also the capital of Norway, and in Norway you can find Moose. The moose is our project mascot.

are you running KVM or QEMU launched instances?

A recent operators mailing list thread asked this question regarding the OpenStack user survey results of April 2016 (See page 39).

As I verified my own local multi-node devstack dedicated H/W environment with varying commands, I initially came across the following error (which later was found to be misleading).

$ virt-host-validate
  QEMU: Checking for hardware virtualization                                 : PASS
  QEMU: Checking for device /dev/kvm                                         : FAIL (Check that the 'kvm-intel' or 'kvm-amd' modules are loaded & the BIOS has enabled virtualization)
  QEMU: Checking for device /dev/vhost-net                                   : WARN (Load the 'vhost_net' module to improve performance of virtio networking)
  QEMU: Checking for device /dev/net/tun                                     : PASS
   LXC: Checking for Linux >= 2.6.26                                         : PASS

This is an attempt to collate a list of varying commands collected from various sources, and the output of these in my Ubuntu 14.04 LTS environment.

# Are you running 64-bit architecture (0=bad; >0 is good)
$ egrep -c ' lm ' /proc/cpuinfo
8

# Does your processor support hardware virtualization (0=bad; >0 is good)
$ egrep -c '^flags.*(vmx|svm)' /proc/cpuinfo
8

# Are you running a 64-bit OS
$ uname -m
x86_64

# Have I installed the right Ubuntu packages
$ dpkg -l | egrep '(libvirt-bin|kvm|ubuntu-vm-builder|bridge-utils)'
ii  bridge-utils                        1.5-6ubuntu2                          amd64        Utilities for configuring the Linux Ethernet bridge
ii  libvirt-bin                         1.2.2-0ubuntu13.1.17                  amd64        programs for the libvirt library
ii  qemu-kvm                            2.0.0+dfsg-2ubuntu1.24                amd64        QEMU Full virtualization

# Have packages configured user privileges
$ grep libvirt /etc/passwd /etc/group
/etc/passwd:libvirt-qemu:x:108:115:Libvirt Qemu,,,:/var/lib/libvirt:/bin/false
/etc/passwd:libvirt-dnsmasq:x:109:116:Libvirt Dnsmasq,,,:/var/lib/libvirt/dnsmasq:/bin/false
/etc/group:libvirtd:x:116:rbradfor,stack

# Have I configured QEMU to use KVM
$ cat /etc/modprobe.d/qemu-system-x86.conf
options kvm_intel nested=1

# Have I loaded the KVM kernel modules
$ lsmod | grep kvm
kvm_intel             143630  3 
kvm                   456274  1 kvm_intel

# Are there any KVM related system messages
$ dmesg | grep kvm
[ 2030.719215] kvm: zapping shadow pages for mmio generation wraparound
[ 2032.454780] kvm [6817]: vcpu0 disabled perfctr wrmsr: 0xc1 data 0xabcd

# Can I use KVM?
$ kvm-ok
INFO: /dev/kvm exists
KVM acceleration can be used

# Can I find a KVM device
$ ls -l /dev/kvm
crw-rw---- 1 root kvm 10, 232 May 11 14:15 /dev/kvm

# Have I configured nested KVM 
$ cat /sys/module/kvm_intel/parameters/nested
Y

All of the above is the default output of a stock Ubuntu 14.04 install on my H/W, and with the correctly configured Bios (which requires a hard reboot to verify, and a camera to record the proof).

Some more analysis when changing the Bios.

$ sudo kvm-ok
INFO: /dev/kvm does not exist
HINT:   sudo modprobe kvm_intel
INFO: Your CPU supports KVM extensions
INFO: KVM (vmx) is disabled by your BIOS
HINT: Enter your BIOS setup and enable Virtualization Technology (VT),
      and then hard poweroff/poweron your system
KVM acceleration can NOT be used

When running a VirtualBox VM, the following is found.

$ sudo kvm-ok
INFO: Your CPU does not support KVM extensions
KVM acceleration can NOT be used

Now checking my OpenStack installation for related KVM needs.

# Have I configured Nova to use KVM virtualization
$ grep virt_type /etc/nova/nova.conf
virt_type = kvm

# Checking hypervisor type via API's
$ curl -s -H "X-Auth-Token: ${OS_TOKEN}" ${COMPUTE_API}/os-hypervisors/detail | $FORMAT_JSON | grep hypervisor_type
            "hypervisor_type": "QEMU",
            "hypervisor_type": "QEMU",

# Checking hypervisor type via OpenStack Client
$ openstack hypervisor show -f json 1 | grep hypervisor_type
  "hypervisor_type": "QEMU"

Devstack by default has configured libvirt to use kvm.

Spinning up an instance I ran the following additional checks.


# List running instances
$ virsh -c qemu:///system list
 Id    Name                           State
----------------------------------------------------
 2     instance-00000001              running

# Check processlist for KVM usage
$ ps -ef | grep -i qemu | grep accel=kvm
libvirt+ 19093     1 21 16:24 ?        00:00:03 qemu-system-x86_64 -enable-kvm -name instance-00000001 -S -machine pc-i440fx-trusty,accel=kvm,usb=off...

Information from the running VM in my environment.

$ ssh [email protected]

$ egrep -c ' lm ' /proc/cpuinfo
1

$ egrep -c '^flags.*(vmx|svm)' /proc/cpuinfo
1

$ uname -m
x86_64


$ cat /proc/cpuinfo
processor	: 0
vendor_id	: GenuineIntel
cpu family	: 6
model		: 6
model name	: QEMU Virtual CPU version 2.0.0
...

So, while the topic of the ML thread does indeed cover the confusion over OpenStack reporting the hypervisor type as QEMU when infact it does seem so but is enabling KVM via my analysis. I find the original question as a valid problem to operators.

And finally, this exercise while a lesson in understanding a little more about hypervisor and commands available, the original data was simply an operator error where sudo was needed (and not for other commands).

$ sudo  virt-host-validate
  QEMU: Checking for hardware virtualization                                 : PASS
  QEMU: Checking for device /dev/kvm                                         : PASS
  QEMU: Checking for device /dev/vhost-net                                   : PASS
  QEMU: Checking for device /dev/net/tun                                     : PASS
   LXC: Checking for Linux >= 2.6.26                                         : PASS

References

Using your devstack cloud

You have setup and installed devstack. Now what!

The Horizon UI will allow you to administer your running cloud from a web interface. We are not going to discuss the web UI in this post.

Using the command line will provide you access to the following initial developer/operator capabilities.

  • Duplicating the features of the UI with the client tools
  • Observing the running services
  • Understanding the logging of OpenStack services
  • Understanding the configuration of OpenStack services
  • Understanding the source code of OpenStack services

This is not an exhaustive list or explanation of each point but an intro into navigating around the running OpenStack services.

Duplicating UI features

OpenStack has a number of individual command line clients for many services, and a common client openstack.

To get started:

$ openstack user list
Missing parameter(s): 
Set a username with --os-username, OS_USERNAME, or auth.username
Set an authentication URL, with --os-auth-url, OS_AUTH_URL or auth.auth_url
Set a scope, such as a project or domain, set a project scope with --os-project-name, OS_PROJECT_NAME or auth.project_name, set a domain scope with --os-domain-name, OS_DOMAIN_NAME or auth.domain_name

By default you will need to provide applicable authentication details via arguments or environment variables.
Using the output of the devstack setup, we can obtain applicable details needed for most parameters.

$ ./stack.sh
...
...
...
This is your host IP address: 192.168.56.101
This is your host IPv6 address: ::1
Horizon is now available at http://192.168.56.101/dashboard
Keystone is serving at http://192.168.56.101:5000/
The default users are: admin and demo
The password: passwd

We can now retrieve a summary list of users defined in your project with:

$ openstack --os-username=admin --os-password=passwd --os-auth-url=http://192.168.56.101:5000/ --os-project-name=demo user list
+----------------------------------+----------+
| ID                               | Name     |
+----------------------------------+----------+
| a531ea1011af43bb8277f3e5edfea34b | admin    |
| d6ce303e83b64a2998228c55ebd274c3 | demo     |
| fe7301aa4d2b44b482cd6ba19c24f6b8 | alt_demo |
| e18ae48148df4593b4067785c5e72820 | nova     |
| 9a49deabb7b64454abf411de87c2862c | glance   |
| 1315257f265740f8a32988b014c9e693 | cinder   |
+----------------------------------+----------+

One parameter that is required but no information was available in the devstack installation output was project. There are a number of projects defined in the installation which you can obtain with:

$ openstack --os-username=admin --os-password=passwd --os-auth-url=http://192.168.56.101:5000/ --os-project-name=admin project list
+----------------------------------+--------------------+
| ID                               | Name               |
+----------------------------------+--------------------+
| 3b9f48af38ac40a495ca7b22d4d5c036 | demo               |
| 42c574962a114974bfe35e4a3467df60 | service            |
| 7af69c571e764d5f99688ed2e59930d5 | alt_demo           |
| 893b8954952c4319abd6596b587bba5f | admin              |
| da71fdc9c88f4eddac38937dfef542a2 | invisible_to_admin |
+----------------------------------+--------------------+

By defining authentication with environment variables you can easily simply CLI command usage. For example:

$ export OS_USERNAME=admin
$ export OS_PASSWORD=passwd
$ export OS_AUTH_URL=http://192.168.56.101:5000/
$ export OS_PROJECT_NAME=demo
$ openstack user list
...

devstack pre-packages a few source files that enable you to avoid specifying these arguments or environment variables manually. For example to duplicate this example:

$ source accrc/admin/demo
$ openstack user list

The openstack command provides a --help option to list the available options. You can also inquire as to commands with the command list option.

$ openstack --help
$ openstack command list

With the openstack command line interface you can perform all the operations needed to configure, administer and run your cloud services.

Observing the running services

OpenStack is made up of a number of services, those key services in devstack start with nova, keystone, glance, cinder and horizon. devstack conveniently packages the individual running services into separate screen processes, leveraging a cursors based view of services via the output of log files.

You can view the running screen sessions by reattaching with.

$ screen -r

If you get the following error when attempting to reattach “Cannot open your terminal ‘/dev/pts/0′ – please check.”, you have likely tried reconnecting in a different shell session. You can address this with:

$ script /dev/null
$ screen -r

Commands in screen are driven by a key combination starting with ^a (ctrl-A). ^a d will detach from your screen session you just reattached to. This is what gets you out of screen. See the later section for the full list screen help commands.

On the command line you can run the following command to list the available images via the glance service.

$ openstack image list
+--------------------------------------+---------------------------------+--------+
| ID                                   | Name                            | Status |
+--------------------------------------+---------------------------------+--------+
| 864bad45-d0de-4031-aea6-80b6af72cf2a | cirros-0.3.4-x86_64-uec         | active |
| 75e8b1ef-ae84-41aa-b0a0-7ea785771f14 | cirros-0.3.4-x86_64-uec-ramdisk | active |
| f694bdb1-4bb0-4f18-a7c9-290ad26b1fc8 | cirros-0.3.4-x86_64-uec-kernel  | active |
+--------------------------------------+---------------------------------+--------+

Within screen you can look at the glance api screen log (^a 5) and can observe the logging that occurs in relation to this command. For example we can see an INFO message to get the images (GET /v2/images), and we can see several DEBUG messages. We will use these DEBUG messages in a later post to describe handling logging output.

The INFO message will look like:

2016-04-04 16:24:00.139 INFO eventlet.wsgi.server [req-acf98429-60de-4d18-a69c-36a7d80bed7c a531ea1011af43bb8277f3e5edfea34b 3b9f48af38ac40a495ca7b22d4d5c036] 192.168.1.60 - - [04/Apr/2016 16:24:00] "GET /v2/images HTTP/1.1" 200 2202 0.116774

While we will discuss logging formats in another post, the standard format (in devstack) includes:

  • Date/Time
  • Logging Level
  • Package
  • Request context. this is made up of
    • req-acf98429-60de-4d18-a69c-36a7d80bed7c a request-id, useful for grouping logging records
    • a531ea1011af43bb8277f3e5edfea34b refers to the user id (as seen in user list above, i.e. admin)
    • 3b9f48af38ac40a495ca7b22d4d5c036 refers to the project id (as seen in the project list above, i.e. demo)
  • The actual log message
In order to page back in screen output, you enter copy mode “^a [” and then you can use ^b (page back) and ^f (page forward) keys.

Understanding the logging of OpenStack services

What is actually observed in the screen output is what is being logged for the Glance API service. We can verify this with the log file logged in /opt/stack/logs.

$ tail -f /opt/stack/logs/g-api.log

NOTE: You may see that there are colors within both the screen and log output. This is an optional configuration setup used by devstack (not an OpenStack default for logging). We will use this later to show a change in the logging of the service.

We can verify the details of the command used within the screen session (^a 5) by killing the running process with ^c.

Using the bash history, you can up arrow to observe the last running command, and restart this.

/usr/local/bin/glance-api --config-file=/etc/glance/glance-api.conf & echo $! >/opt/stack/status/stack/g-api.pid; fg || echo "g-api failed to start" | tee "/opt/stack/status/stack/g-api.failure"

The actual log file is produced by the screen configuration defined in devstack/stack-screenrc.

screen -t g-api bash
"tuff "/usr/local/bin/glance-api --config-file=/etc/glance/glance-api.conf
logfile /opt/stack/logs/g-api.log.2016-04-04-110956
log on

In a running OpenStack environment you would configure logging output to file as per the log_file option.

Understanding the configuration of OpenStack services

This command indicated a configuration file /etc/glance/glance-api.conf. Glance like other services may contain several configuration files. These are by default defined in the individual projects namespace under /etc.

$ ls -l /etc/glance/
total 152
-rw-r--r-- 1 stack stack 65106 Apr  4 11:12 glance-api.conf
-rw-r--r-- 1 stack stack  3266 Mar 11 12:22 glance-api-paste.ini
-rw-r--r-- 1 stack stack 13665 Apr  4 11:12 glance-cache.conf
-rw-r--r-- 1 stack stack 51098 Apr  4 11:12 glance-registry.conf
-rw-r--r-- 1 stack stack  1233 Mar 11 12:22 glance-registry-paste.ini
drwxr-xr-x 2 stack root   4096 Apr  4 11:12 metadefs
-rw-r--r-- 1 stack stack  1351 Mar 11 12:22 policy.json
-rw-r--r-- 1 stack stack  1380 Mar 11 12:22 schema-image.json

This is an appropriate time to point to several documentation sources including the Glance Developer Documentation – Configuration Options and the Configuration Guide Image Service options which describe in more detail these listed configuration files and the possible options available. You can find similar documentation for other services.

To demonstrate just how the configuration and logging work with a running service the following will modify the logging of the Glance API service by commenting out the logging configuration lines, and then reverting to the oslo.log configuration defaults.

$ sudo vi /etc/glance/glance-api.conf

Comment out the four logging_ options in the [DEFAULT] section.

[DEFAULT]
#logging_exception_prefix = %(color)s%(asctime)s.%(msecs)03d TRACE %(name)s ^[[01;35m%(instance)s^[[00m
#logging_debug_format_suffix = ^[[00;33mfrom (pid=%(process)d) %(funcName)s %(pathname)s:%(lineno)d^[[00m
#logging_default_format_string = %(asctime)s.%(msecs)03d %(color)s%(levelname)s %(name)s [^[[00;36m-%(color)s] ^[[01;35m%(instance)s%(color)s%(message)s^[[00m
#logging_context_format_string = %(asctime)s.%(msecs)03d %(color)s%(levelname)s %(name)s [^[[01;36m%(request_id)s ^[[00;36m%(user)s %(tenant)s%(color)s] ^[[01;35m%(instance)s%(color)s%(message)s^[[00m

Now, repeating the earlier steps within the g-api screen window, kill and restart the service.
The first thing you will observe is that the logging no longer contains color (this helps greatly for log file analysis). Repeat the CLI option to list the images, and you will notice a slightly modified logging message occur.

2016-04-05 11:38:57.312 17696 INFO eventlet.wsgi.server [req-1e66b7e5-3429-452e-a9b7-e28ee498f772 a531ea1011af43bb8277f3e5edfea34b 3b9f48af38ac40a495ca7b22d4d5c036 - - -] 192.168.1.60 - - [05/Apr/2016 11:38:57] "GET /v2/images HTTP/1.1" 200 2202 11.551233

The request context now is a modified format (containing additional - - - values) as a result of using the default value of logging_context_format_string. We will discuss the specifics of logging options in a later post.

There are a reasonable number of log files for a minimal devstack installation, some services have multiple log files.

$ cd /opt/stack/logs; ls -l *.log
lrwxrwxrwx 1 stack stack       27 Apr  5 12:49 c-api.log -> c-api.log.2016-04-05-124004
lrwxrwxrwx 1 stack stack       27 Apr  5 12:49 c-sch.log -> c-sch.log.2016-04-05-124004
lrwxrwxrwx 1 stack stack       27 Apr  5 12:49 c-vol.log -> c-vol.log.2016-04-05-124004
-rw-r--r-- 1 stack stack 16672591 Apr  5 14:01 dstat-csv.log
lrwxrwxrwx 1 stack stack       27 Apr  5 12:42 dstat.log -> dstat.log.2016-04-05-124004
lrwxrwxrwx 1 stack stack       27 Apr  5 12:48 g-api.log -> g-api.log.2016-04-05-124004
lrwxrwxrwx 1 stack stack       27 Apr  5 12:48 g-reg.log -> g-reg.log.2016-04-05-124004
lrwxrwxrwx 1 stack stack       29 Apr  5 12:50 horizon.log -> horizon.log.2016-04-05-124004
lrwxrwxrwx 1 stack stack       32 Apr  5 12:42 key-access.log -> key-access.log.2016-04-05-124004
lrwxrwxrwx 1 stack stack       25 Apr  5 12:42 key.log -> key.log.2016-04-05-124004
lrwxrwxrwx 1 stack stack       27 Apr  5 12:48 n-api.log -> n-api.log.2016-04-05-124004
lrwxrwxrwx 1 stack stack       29 Apr  5 12:49 n-cauth.log -> n-cauth.log.2016-04-05-124004
lrwxrwxrwx 1 stack stack       28 Apr  5 12:48 n-cond.log -> n-cond.log.2016-04-05-124004
lrwxrwxrwx 1 stack stack       27 Apr  5 12:49 n-cpu.log -> n-cpu.log.2016-04-05-124004
lrwxrwxrwx 1 stack stack       27 Apr  5 12:48 n-crt.log -> n-crt.log.2016-04-05-124004
lrwxrwxrwx 1 stack stack       28 Apr  5 12:42 n-dhcp.log -> n-dhcp.log.2016-04-05-124004
lrwxrwxrwx 1 stack stack       27 Apr  5 12:48 n-net.log -> n-net.log.2016-04-05-124004
lrwxrwxrwx 1 stack stack       29 Apr  5 12:49 n-novnc.log -> n-novnc.log.2016-04-05-124004
lrwxrwxrwx 1 stack stack       27 Apr  5 12:49 n-sch.log -> n-sch.log.2016-04-05-124004
lrwxrwxrwx 1 stack stack       46 Apr  5 12:40 stack.sh.log -> /opt/stack/logs/stack.sh.log.2016-04-05-124004

To turn off color in logging across service, you can configure this in the devstack local.conf file before starting the stack.

# local.conf
LOG_COLOR=False

Understanding the source code of OpenStack services

devstack installs the OpenStack code in two ways, via packaging and via source.

Generally all libraries are installed via packaging. You can discern these via looking at the python packages via pip with:

$ pip freeze
...
oslo.cache==1.5.0
oslo.concurrency==3.6.0
oslo.config==3.9.0
oslo.context==2.2.0
oslo.db==4.6.0
oslo.i18n==3.4.0
oslo.log==3.2.0
oslo.messaging==4.5.0
oslo.middleware==3.7.0
oslo.policy==1.5.0
oslo.reports==1.6.0
oslo.rootwrap==4.1.0
oslo.serialization==2.4.0
oslo.service==1.7.0
oslo.utils==3.7.0
oslo.versionedobjects==1.7.0
oslo.vmware==2.5.0
...
python-barbicanclient==4.0.0
python-ceilometerclient==2.3.0
python-cinderclient==1.6.0
python-designateclient==2.0.0
python-glanceclient==2.0.0
python-heatclient==1.0.0
python-ironicclient==1.2.0
python-keystoneclient==2.3.1
python-magnumclient==1.1.0
python-manilaclient==1.8.0
python-memcached==1.57
python-mimeparse==1.5.1
python-mistralclient==2.0.0
python-neutronclient==4.1.1
python-novaclient==3.3.0
python-openstackclient==2.2.0
python-saharaclient==0.13.0
python-senlinclient==0.4.0
python-subunit==1.2.0
python-swiftclient==3.0.0
python-troveclient==2.1.1
python-zaqarclient==1.0.0
...

This is a list of all Python packages so it’s not possible to determine which are OpenStack specific, and which are dependencies. These installed packages are actually Python source that you can view and even modify.

$ ls -l /usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/

You can approximate the installed OpenStack packages via source by looking at the base source directory:

$ ls -l /opt/stack
total 92
drwxr-xr-x 10 stack stack 4096 Mar 11 12:23 cinder
drwxr-xr-x  6 stack root  4096 Apr  5 12:42 data
-rw-r--r--  1 stack stack  440 Apr  5 12:52 devstack.subunit
drwxr-xr-x  4 stack stack 4096 Mar 11 12:27 dib-utils
drwxr-xr-x 10 stack stack 4096 Mar 11 12:22 glance
drwxr-xr-x 15 stack stack 4096 Mar 11 12:26 heat
drwxr-xr-x  7 stack stack 4096 Mar 11 12:27 heat-cfntools
drwxr-xr-x 10 stack stack 4096 Mar 11 12:27 heat-templates
drwxr-xr-x 11 stack stack 4096 Mar 11 14:13 horizon
drwxr-xr-x 13 stack stack 4096 Mar 11 11:57 keystone
drwxr-xr-x  2 stack stack 4096 Apr  5 12:50 logs
drwxr-xr-x 12 stack stack 4096 Mar 11 15:45 neutron
drwxr-xr-x 13 stack stack 4096 Mar 11 12:25 nova
drwxr-xr-x  8 stack stack 4096 Mar 11 12:24 noVNC
drwxr-xr-x  4 stack stack 4096 Mar 11 12:27 os-apply-config
drwxr-xr-x  4 stack stack 4096 Mar 11 12:27 os-collect-config
drwxr-xr-x  5 stack stack 4096 Mar 11 12:27 os-refresh-config
drwxr-xr-x  7 stack stack 4096 Apr  5 12:51 requirements
drwxr-xr-x 13 stack stack 4096 Mar 11 15:47 solum
drwxr-xr-x  3 stack stack 4096 Apr  4 11:13 status
drwxr-xr-x 10 stack stack 4096 Mar 11 12:22 swift

devstack enables you to configure which packages you want to install via source. Checkout plugins for more information. For example, the following added to the local.conf would install solum.

# local.conf
...
enable_plugin solum git://git.openstack.org/openstack/solum

You have complete flexibility of which branch and version of each package using devstack. This enables you to use devstack as a testing tool for code changes.

At this time to understand more about how software is installed check out devstack documentation and review the stack.sh script.

What’s next

This is only a cursory introduction into what devstack sets up during the installation process. Subsequent posts will talk more on topics including the configuration options, the different logging capabilities and how to test code changes.

screen help

^a ? will provide the following help output.

                                                                                     Screen key bindings, page 1 of 2.

                                                                                     Command key:  ^A   Literal ^A:  a

  break       ^B b         dumptermcap .            info        i            meta        a            pow_detach  D            reset       Z            title       A            xoff        ^S s      
  clear       C            fit         F            kill        K k          monitor     M            prev        ^H ^P p ^?   screen      ^C c         vbell       ^G           xon         ^Q q      
  colon       :            flow        ^F f         lastmsg     ^M m         next        ^@ ^N sp n   quit        \            select      '            version     v         
  copy        ^[ [         focus       ^I           license     ,            number      N            readbuf     <            silence     _            width       W         
  detach      ^D d         hardcopy    h            lockscreen  ^X x         only        Q            redisplay   ^L l         split       S            windows     ^W w      
  digraph     ^V           help        ?            log         H            other       ^A           remove      X            suspend     ^Z z         wrap        ^R r      
  displays    *            history     { }          login       L            pow_break   B            removebuf   =            time        ^T t         writebuf    >         

^]   paste .
"    windowlist -b
-    select -
0    select 0
1    select 1
2    select 2
3    select 3
4    select 4
5    select 5
6    select 6
7    select 7
8    select 8
9    select 9
I    login on
O    login off
]    paste .
|    split -v
:kB: focus prev

Downloading and installing devstack

The following instructions assume you have a running Linux virtual machine that can support the installation of devstack to demonstrate a simple working OpenStack cloud.

For more information about the preparation needed for this step, see these pre-requisite instructions:

Pre-requisites

You will need to login to your Linux virtual machine as a normal user (e.g. stack if you followed these instructions).

To verify the IP address of your machine you can run:

$ ifconfig eth1

NOTE: This assumes you configured a second network adapter as detailed.

You need to determine the IP address assigned. If this is your first-time using VirtualBox and this was configured with default settings, the value will be 192.168.56.101

eth1      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 08:00:27:db:42:6e  
          inet addr:192.168.56.101  Bcast:192.168.56.255  Mask:255.255.255.0
          inet6 addr: fe80::a00:27ff:fedb:426e/64 Scope:Link
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:398500 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:282829 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 
          RX bytes:35975184 (35.9 MB)  TX bytes:59304714 (59.3 MB)

Verify that you have applicable sudo privileges.

$ sudo id

If you are prompted for a password, then your privileges are not configured correctly. See here.

Download devstack

After connecting to the virtual machine the following commands will download the devstack source code:

$ sudo apt-get install -y git-core
# NOTE: You will not be prompted for a password
#       This is important for the following installation steps
$ git clone https://git.openstack.org/openstack-dev/devstack

Configure devstack

The following will create an example configuration file suitable for a default devstack installation.

$ cd devstack
# Use the sample default configuration file
$ cp samples/local.conf .
$ HOST_IP="192.168.56.101"
$ echo "HOST_IP=${HOST_IP}" >> local.conf

NOTE: If your machine has different IP address you should specify this alternative value.

Install devstack

$ ./stack.sh

Depending on your physical hardware and network connection, this takes approximately 20 minutes.

When completed you will see the following:

...
This is your host IP address: 192.168.56.101
This is your host IPv6 address: ::1
Horizon is now available at http://192.168.56.101/dashboard
Keystone is serving at http://192.168.56.101:5000/
The default users are: admin and demo
The password: nomoresecrete
While the installation of devstack is happening, you should read Configuration section, and look at the devstack/samples/local.conf sample configuration file being used.

Accessing devstack

You now have a running OpenStack cloud. There are two easy ways to access the running services to verify.

  • Connect the Horizon dashboard in your browser with the URL (e.g. http://192.168.56.101/), and use the user and password described (e.g. admin and nomoresecrete).
  • Use the OpenStack client that is installed with devstack, for example:
$ source accrc/admin/admin
$ openstack image list

See Using your devstack cloud for more information about analyzing your running cloud, restarting services, configuration files and how to demonstrate a code change.

Other devstack commands

There are some useful commands to know about with your devstack setup.

If you restart your virtual machine, you reconnect to devstack by re-running the installation (there is no longer a rejoin-stack.sh):

$ ./stack.sh

To shutdown a running devstack.

$ ./unstack.sh

To cleanup your VM of devstack installed software.

$ ./clean.sh

Setting up CentOS on VirtualBox for RDO

Create a CentOS Virtual Machine (VM)

NOTE: There are several different ways in creating a base VM CentOS image. These steps are the more manual approach, however they are provided for completeness in understanding varying options.

To create a virtual machine in VirtualBox select the New icon. This will prompt you for some initial configuration. Use these recommendations:

  • Name and operating System
    • Name: RDO
    • Type: Linux
    • Version: Red Hat (64-bit)
  • Memory Size
    • Use at minimum 4GB.
  • Hard Disk
    • Use the default settings including 8.0GB, VDI type, dynamically allocated, File location and size.

By default your virtual machine is ready to install however by making the following network recommendation it will be easier to access your running virtual machine via SSH and the RDO web interface and APIs from your host computer.

  • Click Settings
  • Select Network
  • Enable Adapter 2 and attach to a Host-only Adapter and select vboxnet0
  • Ok

Install CentOS Operating System

You are now ready to install the Operating System on the virtual machine with the following instructions.

  • Click Start
  • Open the CentOS .iso file you just downloaded.
  • You will be prompted for a number of options, select the default provided and use the following values when prompted.
  • Install CentOS 7
  • Select English and English (United States) (or your choice of language)
  • Select System to configure your installation destination
    • Click Done to use the default VM disk and automatically configure partitioning
  • Select Network & hostname
    • Enable both of the listed Ethernet connections
    • Enter rdo for the Host Name
    • Click Done
  • Click Begin Installation
  • Click Root Password
    • Enter password of your choosing
  • Click User Creation
    • Enter rdo for user name (or any value of your choice)
    • Enter Openstack for password (or any password of your choice)
    • Click Done

When the installation is complete, click Reboot.

You will now be able to login with username: rdo and password: Openstack (or the values you chose).

Post Installation

While the second ethernet adapter for your VM is configured it is not enabled.

$ su -
# Enter root password
$ sed -ie "s/ONBOOT=no/ONBOOT=yes/" /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-enp0s8
$ ifup enp0s8
$ ip addr
# RDO does not operate with NetworkManager
$ sudo systemctl stop NetworkManager.service
$ sudo systemctl disable NetworkManager.service

The ip output will verify the IP address that was assigned. If you configured the VirtualBox host-only adapter with defaults, the address will be 192.168.56.1XX.

To verify access to your virtual machine from your host computer, you should SSH with:

$ ssh [email protected]

Setting up Ubuntu on VirtualBox for devstack

As discussed, devstack enables a software developer to run a standalone minimal OpenStack cloud on a virtual machine (VM). In this tutorial we are going to step through the installation of an Ubuntu VM using VirtualBox manually. This is a pre-requisite to installing devstack.

NOTE: There are several different ways in creating a base Ubuntu VM image. These steps are the more manual approach, however they are provided for completeness in understanding varying options.

Pre-requisites

  1. You will need a computer running a 64 bit operating system on Mac OSX, Windows, Linux or Solaris with at least 4GB of RAM and 10GB of available disk drive space.
  2. You will need to have a working VirtualBox on your computer. See Setting up VirtualBox to run virtual machines as a pre-requisite for these steps.
  3. You will need an Ubuntu server .iso image. Download the Ubuntu Server 14.04 (Trusty) server image (e.g. ubuntu-14.04.X-server-amd64.iso) to your computer. This will be the base operating system of your virtual machine that will run devstack.

If using Mac OS X or Linux you can obtain a recent .iso release with the command:

$ wget http://releases.ubuntu.com/14.04/ubuntu-14.04.4-server-amd64.iso
NOTE: devstack can be installed on different operating systems. As a first time user, Ubuntu 14.04 is used as this is a more common platform (and used by OpenStack infrastructure). Other operating systems include Ubuntu (14.10, 15.04, 15.01), Fedora (22, 23) and CentOS/RHEL 7.

Create an Ubuntu Virtual Machine

To create a virtual machine in VirtualBox select the New icon. This will prompt you for some initial configuration. Use these recommendations:

  • Name and operating System
    • Name: devstack
    • Type: Linux
    • Version: Ubuntu (64-bit)
  • Memory Size
    • If you have 8+GB use 4GB.
    • If you have only 4GB use 2.5GB. (Note. Testing during the creation of this guide found that 2048M was insufficient, and that a minimum of 2560M was needed)
  • Hard Disk
    • Use the default settings including 8.0GB, VDI type, dynamically allocated, File location and size.

By default your virtual machine is ready to install however by making the following network recommendation it will be easier to access your running virtual machine and devstack from your host computer.

  • Click Settings
  • Select Network
  • Enable Adapter 2 and attach to a Host-only Adapter and select vboxnet0
  • Ok

You are now ready to install the Operating System on the virtual machine with the following instructions.

  • Click Start
  • Open the Ubuntu .iso file you just downloaded.
  • You will be prompted for a number of options, select the default provided and use the following values when prompted.
  • Install Ubuntu Server
  • English (or your choice)
  • United States (or your location)
  • No for configure the keyboard
  • English (US) for keyboard (or your preference)
  • English (US) for keyboard layout (or your preference)
  • Select eth0 as your primary network interface
  • Select default ubuntu for hostname
  • Enter stack for full username/username
  • Enter Openstack for password (or your own preference)
  • Select No to encrypt home directory
  • Select Yes for time zone selected
  • Select Guided – use entire disk for partition method
  • Select highlighted partition
  • Select Yes to partition disks
  • Select Continue for package manager proxy
  • Select No automatic updates
  • Select OpenSSH Server in software to install
  • Select Yes to install GRUB boot loader
  • Select Continue when installation complete

The new virtual machine will now restart and you will be able to login with the username and password specified (i.e. stack and Openstack).

Post Installation

After successfully logging in run the following commands to complete the Ubuntu installation setup needed as pre-requisites to install devstack.

$ sudo su -
# Enter your stack user password
$ umask 266 & echo "stack ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL" > /etc/sudoers.d/stack
$ apt-get update && apt-get upgrade -y
$ echo "auto eth1
iface eth1 inet dhcp" >> /etc/network/interfaces
$ ifup eth1

You are now ready to download and install devstack.

You can also setup an Ubuntu virtual machine via vagrant which simplifies these instructions.

More information

This blog is a series for the software developer with no experience in OpenStack to experience just the tip of functionality and features to become more interested in the project.

Installing VirtualBox for OpenStack development

Download VirtualBox for your operating system

VirtualBox is an open source virtualization product that will allow you to create virtual machines on a computer using Linux, Mac OS X or Windows. While the current version is 5.x, older versions will also work if you are already using this software.

NOTE: There are different products that can provide virtualization on your computer. As a first time user with virtualization, VirtualBox is a common open source product used by developers.

Install VirtualBox on your system

Just follow the default prompts.

Recommended VirtualBox Networking

To provide for a better experience for installing and accessing devstack or RDO the following VirtualBox configuration setup is recommended to create a host-only adapter network on your host machine.

  • Start VirtualBox
  • Open Preferences (e.g. File|Preferences)
  • Select Network
  • Select Host-only Networks
  • Add Network (accept all defaults)

This additional step will create a network configuration in VirtualBox that is called vboxnet0. This will define a network in the 192.168.56.X range, and will configure a DHCP server that will issue IP addresses starting at 192.168.56.101. This will enable you to more easily access your VMs from your host computer as discussed in VirtualBox networking for beginners. ‎

Installing Openstack with devstack, a first-time guide

This guide will enable the reader to install a minimal OpenStack cloud using devstack for the first time.

This guide will assume you have never installed virtualization software, used or configured devstack or even observed a running OpenStack cloud. This guide does assume that you can perform some basic software development instructions as documented.

This guide is targeted towards the software developer that may want to review the Python code and contribute to the open source project or the system architect that wants to evaluate some of the features of OpenStack. If you are an end user should try a public cloud that runs OpenStack such as OVH, Rackspace or other public cloud providers listed in the OpenStack Marketplace).

There are some hardware requirements and various copy/paste command line instructions on a Linux virtual machine. While it would be possible to publish a completed virtual machine you could download and click to run, understanding the underpinnings of the most basic installation and configuration of devstack will provide an appreciation of the complexity of the product and the software development capabilities.

At the end of this process you will have a running OpenStack cloud on your computer that is running on a Linux virtual machine. You will be able to access this with your browser and be able to perform basic cloud infrastructure tasks, such as creating a compute instance. This guide is not intended to talk about the benefits or usages of a cloud.

You will need a computer running Mac OS X, Windows, Linux (see supported list) or Solaris with at least 4GB of RAM and 10GB of available disk drive space in order to complete the following steps.

  1. Installing VirtualBox
  2. Setting up an Ubuntu virtual machine using VirtualBox
  3. ‎Downloading and installing devstack
  4. Using your OpenStack devstack cloud
NOTE: These steps will provide one means of installing devstack with one type of virtualization software on a specific Linux operating system. This is only meant as a first-time users guide, and some pre-defined decisions have been made. There are multiple ways to implement and use devstack with different software and operating systems.

What’s next?

Without knowing the purpose of following this first-time guide what’s next depends on your. As a software developer you may be interested in looking OpenStack Bugs or contributing to new features of one of the many projects. As an architect you may want to understand a more complex configuration setup as you plan to determine what may be necessary to utilize a cloud infrastructure in your organization. This guide is only intended as the first introduction and hopefully has provided the intended result for the reader to consider what OpenStack can possibly provide.

More references

We will assume you have never installed virtualization software on your computer and have not installed devstack, or even seen an OpenStack interface. The devstack documentation does not make this assumption and so these more generic instructions are useful to the uninitiated. While some (including this author) feel these are instructions worthy of the official devstack documentation, others (with valid reasons) do not and hence the democracy of a large distributed open source project. For more information see review #290854. This guide joins the many others searchable by Internet search engines.

devstack, your personal OpenStack Cloud

As a software developer or system architect that is interested in looking at the workings of OpenStack, devstack is one of several different ways to start a personal cloud using the current OpenStack code base.

In it’s most basic form, you can run devstack in a virtual machine and be able to manage your personal cloud via the Horizon web interface (known as the Dashboard), or via several CLI APIs such as the OpenStack client (OSC). You can use this to launch compute services, manage boot images and disk volumes, define networking and configure administrative users, projects and roles.

The benefit of devstack is for the developer and deployer. You can actually see the running cloud software, interact and engage with individual services. devstack is a valuable tool to debug and bugfix services. devstack is used by the OpenStack CI/CD system for testing so it is robust enough to evaluate the core projects and many of the available projects that can be configured to be installed with devstack. You can also configure to use trunk (i.e. master) code, or specific branches or tags for individual services. The CI system for example will install the trunk of services, and the specific branch of a new feature or bug fix for one given project in order to perform user and functional testing.

devstack also enables more complex configuration setups. You can setup devstack with LXC containers, you can run a multi-node setup, you can run with Neutron networking. While devstack installs a small subset of projects including keystone, nova, cinder, glance and horizon, you can use devstack to run other OpenStack projects such as Manila, Trove, Magnum, Sahara, Solum and Heat.

The benefit of devstack is for evaluation of capabilities. devstack is not a product to use to determine a path for production deployment of OpenStack. This process includes many more complex considerations of determining why you want to implement an infrastructure for demand for your organization, and considerations of the most basic technical needs such as uptime and SLA requirements, high availability, monitoring and alerting, security management and upgrade paths of your software.

If you are ready to see what OpenStack could provide and want to run a local cloud, you can start with installing Openstack with devstack, a first-time guide.

Additional References

What is OpenStack?

OpenStack is a cloud computing software product that is the leading open source platform for creating cloud infrastructure. Used by hundreds of companies to run public, private and hybrid clouds, OpenStack is the second most popular open source project after the Linux Kernel.

OpenStack is a product of many different projects (currently over 50), written primarily in Python and is in 2016 over 4 million lines of code.

OpenStack Distributions

There are numerous distributions of OpenStack from leading vendors such as Red Hat, IBM, Canonical, Cisco, SUSE, Oracle and VMware to name a few. Each vendor provide a means of installing and managing an OpenStack cloud and integrates the cloud with a large number of hardware and software products and appliances. Regardless of your preferred host operating system or deployment methodology with ansible, puppet or chef, there is an project or provider to suit your situation.

Evaluating OpenStack

For the software developer or system architect there are several ways to evaluate the basic features of OpenStack. Free online services such as Mirantis Express and TryStack or production clouds at Rackspace and OVH offer you an infrastructure to handle compute, storage, networking and orchestration features and you can engage with your personal cloud via web and CLI interfaces.

If however you want to delve behind the UI and API’s to see OpenStack in operation there are simple VM based means using devstack, RDO or Ubuntu OpenStack that can operate a running OpenStack on single VM or multiple VMs. You can follow the OpenStack documentation installation guides which cover openSUSE 13.2, SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12, Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7, CentOS 7 and Ubuntu 14.04 (LTS) to install OpenStack on a number of physical hardware devices (a minimal configuration is three servers).

These options will introduce you to what *may* be possible with OpenStack personally. This is however the very tip of a very large iceberg. Considering a cloud infrastructure for your organization is a much more complex set of decisions about the impact, usefulness and cost-effectiveness for your organisation.

References

Learning the OpenStackClient (OSC)

As a way to navigate the extent of the CLI options for nova, keystone, glance and also openstack commands I came up with an educational approach.

While still early development the goal is to provide a Beginner/Intermediate/Expert views exposing various commands and options to help the user learn in a controlled way.

This initial V0.5 version provides all the glue to test commands against an OpenStack Cloud.

The tool is designed to be self explaining if you have the most basic understanding the OSC. Starting with Help gives you an overview of the options.

As this runs on my webserver, the default operation works great to display help syntax and error conditions. It also connects to a functioning OpenStack Cloud. In my first example it works with Mirantis Express. I intend to provide a means to install within a devstack installation.

Home Page

Help

Running your first command (using help)

Running your first command (producing error output)

Adding Authentication

Listing Images

Show details of an Image in JSON format

Disabling the temporary authorization token in devstack keystone

While building my own OpenStack cloud on physical servers I realized that Keystone uses a temporary authorization token in the Create the service entity and API endpoint and Create projects, users, and roles steps.

The Verify operation step makes reference to removing this mechanism however my current devstack installations have not done this.

To verify this I use the SERVICE_TOKEN as defined in my devstack/local.conf and the Keystone Admin URL.

$ openstack --os-token=aaaaaaaa-bbbb-cccc-dddd-eeeeeeeeeeee --os-url=http://controller:35357/v2.0 user list
+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| ID                               | Name                             |
+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| 554209509f5b47e286e0379bcbf66762 | admin                            |
| 59ac0457a80d449c9dac3b66848f2b5b | demo                             |
| 8aab962698f9460692efb8d3aab35886 | verify_tempest_config-1304647972 |
| 8b602467cd9045888687987067cbd3f6 | alt_demo                         |
| a134c3b33e94475fb5398643dd816053 | glance                           |
| c68c68579ec0437094a14dfbc4728224 | cinder                           |
| e65bd34ca85a429ea5c56bf980f77d67 | nova                             |
+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+

Removing the configuration settings as documented from /etc/keystone/keystone-paste.ini as documented DOES NOT disable this level of access.

NOTE: This edit removes the admin_token_auth option from the pipeline setting in the [pipeline:public_api], [pipeline:admin_api] and [pipeline:api_v3] sections.

$ sudo sed -ie "s/ admin_token_auth / /" /etc/keystone/keystone-paste.ini
$ openstack --os-token=aaaaaaaa-bbbb-cccc-dddd-eeeeeeeeeeee --os-url=http://controller:35357/v2.0 user list
+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| ID                               | Name                             |
+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| 554209509f5b47e286e0379bcbf66762 | admin                            |
| 59ac0457a80d449c9dac3b66848f2b5b | demo                             |
| 8aab962698f9460692efb8d3aab35886 | verify_tempest_config-1304647972 |
| 8b602467cd9045888687987067cbd3f6 | alt_demo                         |
| a134c3b33e94475fb5398643dd816053 | glance                           |
| c68c68579ec0437094a14dfbc4728224 | cinder                           |
| e65bd34ca85a429ea5c56bf980f77d67 | nova                             |
+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+

An additional (and not presently documented step) of restarting apache is needed to invalidate this access.

$ sudo service apache2 restart
$ openstack --os-token=aaaaaaaa-bbbb-cccc-dddd-eeeeeeeeeeee --os-url=http://controller:35357/v2.0 user list
ERROR: openstack Could not find token: aaaaaaaa-bbbb-cccc-dddd-eeeeeeeeeeee (Disable debug mode to suppress these details.) (HTTP 401) (Request-ID: req-617961b7-012a-4d61-bdfb-aa738b8f788f)

The results for the command as shown can be produced by using the user/password credentials with the Keystone public URL.

$ openstack --os-username=admin --os-password=passwd --os-project-name=admin --os-auth-url=http://localhost:5000/ user list
+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| ID                               | Name                             |
+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| 554209509f5b47e286e0379bcbf66762 | admin                            |
| 59ac0457a80d449c9dac3b66848f2b5b | demo                             |
| 8aab962698f9460692efb8d3aab35886 | verify_tempest_config-1304647972 |
| 8b602467cd9045888687987067cbd3f6 | alt_demo                         |
| a134c3b33e94475fb5398643dd816053 | glance                           |
| c68c68579ec0437094a14dfbc4728224 | cinder                           |
| e65bd34ca85a429ea5c56bf980f77d67 | nova                             |
+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+

Understanding the different Openstack tox configs

Openstack projects use tox to manage virtual environments and run unit tests which I talked about here.

In this example I am using the oslo.config repo to look at the various tox configs in openstack use. The Governance Project Testing Interface is a starting point to read about project guidelines.

Get the current codebase

$ git clone git://git.openstack.org/openstack/oslo.config
$ cd oslo.config/
$ git rev-parse HEAD
7b1e157aeea426c58e3d4c9a76a231f0e5bc8241

The last line helps me identify the specific git commit I am working with. When moving between branches or when looking at a repo that may be a few days old, if I need to recreate this exact codebase all I need is this. For example, to look at a prior version at 3ab403925e9cb2928ba8e893c4d0f4a6f4b27d7 for example.

$ git checkout 3ab403925e9cb2928ba8e893c4d0f4a6f4b27d72
Note: checking out '3ab403925e9cb2928ba8e893c4d0f4a6f4b27d72'.
...
HEAD is now at 3ab4039... Merge "Added Raw Value Loading to Test Fixture"
$ git rev-parse HEAD
3ab403925e9cb2928ba8e893c4d0f4a6f4b27d72

To revert back to the current repo master.

$ git checkout master
Previous HEAD position was 3ab4039... Merge "Added Raw Value Loading to Test Fixture"
Switched to branch 'master'
Your branch is up-to-date with 'origin/master'.
$ git rev-parse HEAD
7b1e157aeea426c58e3d4c9a76a231f0e5bc8241

NOTE: You don’t need to specify the full commit hash. In this example 3ab4039 also works.

tox configuration

The tox.ini file contains various config sections.

  • [tox] are global options
  • [testenv] are the default options for each virtual environment
  • [testenv:NAME] are the specific test environments

tox.ini

$ cat tox.ini
[tox]
distribute = False
envlist = py33,py34,py26,py27,pep8

[testenv]
setenv = VIRTUAL_ENV={envdir}
deps = -r{toxinidir}/requirements.txt
       -r{toxinidir}/test-requirements.txt
commands = python setup.py testr --slowest --testr-args='{posargs}'

[testenv:pep8]
commands = flake8

[testenv:cover]
setenv = VIRTUAL_ENV={envdir}
commands =
  python setup.py testr --coverage

[testenv:venv]
commands = {posargs}

[testenv:docs]
commands = python setup.py build_sphinx

[flake8]
show-source = True
exclude = .tox,dist,doc,*.egg,build

NOTE: These file differ between projects. See later for an example comparison with python-openstackclient, nova and horizon.

Prerequisites

The default [testenv] options first refer to requirements.txt and test-requirements.txt which define the specific packages and required versions. Either minimum (e.g. netaddr>=0.7.12), range (e.g. stevedore>=1.3.0,<1.4.0) or more specific (e.g. pbr>=0.6,!=0.7,<1.0).

requirements.txt

$ cat requirements.txt
# The order of packages is significant, because pip processes them in the order
# of appearance. Changing the order has an impact on the overall integration
# process, which may cause wedges in the gate later.

pbr>=0.6,!=0.7,<1.0
argparse
netaddr>=0.7.12
six>=1.9.0
stevedore>=1.3.0,<1.4.0  # Apache-2.0

test-requirements.txt

$ cat test-requirements.txt
# The order of packages is significant, because pip processes them in the order
# of appearance. Changing the order has an impact on the overall integration
# process, which may cause wedges in the gate later.

hacking>=0.10.0,<0.11

discover
fixtures>=0.3.14
python-subunit>=0.0.18
testrepository>=0.0.18
testscenarios>=0.4
testtools>=0.9.36,!=1.2.0
oslotest>=1.5.1,<1.6.0  # Apache-2.0

# when we can require tox>= 1.4, this can go into tox.ini:
#  [testenv:cover]
#  deps = {[testenv]deps} coverage
coverage>=3.6

# this is required for the docs build jobs
sphinx>=1.1.2,!=1.2.0,!=1.3b1,<1.3
oslosphinx>=2.5.0,<2.6.0  # Apache-2.0

# Required only for tests
oslo.i18n>=1.5.0,<1.6.0  # Apache-2.0

# mocking framework
mock>=1.0

Style Guidelines (PEP8)

The first test we look at is pep8 run by flake8. This starts by reviewing the code with Style Guide for Python Code and any specific Openstack Style Guidelines.

$ tox -e pep8
GLOB sdist-make: /home/rbradfor/oslo.config/setup.py
pep8 inst-nodeps: /home/rbradfor/oslo.config/.tox/dist/oslo.config-1.10.0.zip
pep8 runtests: PYTHONHASHSEED='3973315668'
pep8 runtests: commands[0] | flake8
_________ summary ___________
  pep8: commands succeeded
  congratulations :)

As with all unit tests you are wanting to see "The bar is green, the code is clean". An example of a failing test would look like:

$ tox -e pep8
GLOB sdist-make: /home/rbradfor/oslo.config/setup.py
pep8 inst-nodeps: /home/rbradfor/oslo.config/.tox/dist/oslo.config-1.10.0.zip
pep8 runtests: PYTHONHASHSEED='820640265'
pep8 runtests: commands[0] | flake8
./oslo_config/types.py:51:31: E702 multiple statements on one line (semicolon)
        self.choices = choices; self.quotes = quotes
                              ^
ERROR: InvocationError: '/home/rbradfor/oslo.config/.tox/pep8/bin/flake8'
________ summary _________
ERROR:   pep8: commands failed


$ tox -e pep8
GLOB sdist-make: /home/rbradfor/oslo.config/setup.py
pep8 inst-nodeps: /home/rbradfor/oslo.config/.tox/dist/oslo.config-1.10.0.zip
pep8 runtests: PYTHONHASHSEED='1937373059'
pep8 runtests: commands[0] | flake8
./oslo_config/types.py:52:13: E113 unexpected indentation
            self.quotes = quotes
            ^
./oslo_config/types.py:52:13: E901 IndentationError: unexpected indent
            self.quotes = quotes
            ^
ERROR: InvocationError: '/home/rbradfor/oslo.config/.tox/pep8/bin/flake8'
__________ summary __________
ERROR:   pep8: commands failed

Running tests

To run all tests for a given Python version you just specify said version.

$ tox -e py27
GLOB sdist-make: /home/rbradfor/oslo.config/setup.py
py27 inst-nodeps: /home/rbradfor/oslo.config/.tox/dist/oslo.config-1.10.0.zip
py27 runtests: PYTHONHASHSEED='1822382852'
py27 runtests: commands[0] | python setup.py testr --slowest --testr-args=
running testr
running=OS_STDOUT_CAPTURE=1 OS_STDERR_CAPTURE=1 OS_TEST_TIMEOUT=60 ${PYTHON:-python} -m subunit.run discover -t ./ . --list
running=OS_STDOUT_CAPTURE=1 OS_STDERR_CAPTURE=1 OS_TEST_TIMEOUT=60 ${PYTHON:-python} -m subunit.run discover -t ./ .  --load-list /tmp/tmpbHjMgm
running=OS_STDOUT_CAPTURE=1 OS_STDERR_CAPTURE=1 OS_TEST_TIMEOUT=60 ${PYTHON:-python} -m subunit.run discover -t ./ .  --load-list /tmp/tmpLA0oO0
running=OS_STDOUT_CAPTURE=1 OS_STDERR_CAPTURE=1 OS_TEST_TIMEOUT=60 ${PYTHON:-python} -m subunit.run discover -t ./ .  --load-list /tmp/tmpMqT_s_
running=OS_STDOUT_CAPTURE=1 OS_STDERR_CAPTURE=1 OS_TEST_TIMEOUT=60 ${PYTHON:-python} -m subunit.run discover -t ./ .  --load-list /tmp/tmpyJLbu8
running=OS_STDOUT_CAPTURE=1 OS_STDERR_CAPTURE=1 OS_TEST_TIMEOUT=60 ${PYTHON:-python} -m subunit.run discover -t ./ .  --load-list /tmp/tmpF5KG5t
running=OS_STDOUT_CAPTURE=1 OS_STDERR_CAPTURE=1 OS_TEST_TIMEOUT=60 ${PYTHON:-python} -m subunit.run discover -t ./ .  --load-list /tmp/tmpebkBDp
running=OS_STDOUT_CAPTURE=1 OS_STDERR_CAPTURE=1 OS_TEST_TIMEOUT=60 ${PYTHON:-python} -m subunit.run discover -t ./ .  --load-list /tmp/tmpscXbNV
running=OS_STDOUT_CAPTURE=1 OS_STDERR_CAPTURE=1 OS_TEST_TIMEOUT=60 ${PYTHON:-python} -m subunit.run discover -t ./ .  --load-list /tmp/tmpTv0jAn
Ran 1182 tests in 0.475s (-0.068s)
PASSED (id=4)
Slowest Tests
Test id                                                                                                Runtime (s)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  -----------
tests.test_cfg.ConfigFileOptsTestCase.test_conf_file_dict_value_no_colon                               0.029
oslo_config.tests.test_cfg.ConfigFileReloadTestCase.test_conf_files_reload_default                     0.024
oslo_config.tests.test_cfg.SubCommandTestCase.test_sub_command_resparse                                0.016
tests.test_cfg.ConfigFileOptsTestCase.test_conf_file_dict_ignore_dname                                 0.016
tests.test_cfg.ConfigFileOptsTestCase.test_conf_file_list_spaces_use_dgroup_and_dname                  0.016
tests.test_cfg.MultipleDeprecatedCliOptionsTestCase.test_conf_file_override_use_deprecated_multi_opts  0.015
oslo_config.tests.test_cfg.OverridesTestCase.test_default_override                                     0.014
oslo_config.tests.test_cfg.ConfigFileOptsTestCase.test_conf_file_list_default_wrong_type               0.014
oslo_config.tests.test_cfg.RequiredOptsTestCase.test_missing_required_group_opt                        0.012
tests.test_generator.GeneratorTestCase.test_generate(long_help,output_file)                            0.011
________ summary _______
  py27: commands succeeded
  congratulations :)

You can pass a specific test or tests via command line identifying the names by looking at the test classes.

$ ls -l oslo_config/tests/[^_]*.py
-rw-rw-r-- 1 rbradfor rbradfor  12788 Apr 30 12:46 oslo_config/tests/test_cfgfilter.py
-rw-rw-r-- 1 rbradfor rbradfor 144538 Apr 30 12:46 oslo_config/tests/test_cfg.py
-rw-rw-r-- 1 rbradfor rbradfor   4938 Apr 30 12:46 oslo_config/tests/test_fixture.py
-rw-rw-r-- 1 rbradfor rbradfor  16479 Apr 30 12:46 oslo_config/tests/test_generator.py
-rw-rw-r-- 1 rbradfor rbradfor   3865 Apr 30 12:46 oslo_config/tests/test_iniparser.py
-rw-rw-r-- 1 rbradfor rbradfor  13259 Apr 30 12:46 oslo_config/tests/test_types.py

NOTE: This project has a top level /tests directory which uses the old import API and I am informed is being removed for liberty.

$ tox -e py27 -- test_types
GLOB sdist-make: /home/rbradfor/oslo.config/setup.py
py27 create: /home/rbradfor/oslo.config/.tox/py27
py27 installdeps: -r/home/rbradfor/oslo.config/requirements.txt, -r/home/rbradfor/oslo.config/test-requirements.txt
py27 inst: /home/rbradfor/oslo.config/.tox/dist/oslo.config-1.10.0.zip
py27 runtests: PYTHONHASHSEED='1505218584'
py27 runtests: commands[0] | python setup.py testr --slowest --testr-args=test_types
running testr
...
Ran 186 (-996) tests in 0.100s (-0.334s)
PASSED (id=6)
Slowest Tests
Test id                                                                                     Runtime (s)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  -----------
tests.test_types.BooleanTypeTests.test_other_values_produce_error                           0.001
oslo_config.tests.test_types.DictTypeTests.test_equal                                       0.001
oslo_config.tests.test_types.BooleanTypeTests.test_not_equal_to_other_class                 0.000
tests.test_types.IntegerTypeTests.test_positive_values_are_valid                            0.000
tests.test_types.DictTypeTests.test_dict_of_dicts                                           0.000
oslo_config.tests.test_types.ListTypeTests.test_not_equal_with_non_equal_custom_item_types  0.000
tests.test_types.IntegerTypeTests.test_with_max_and_min                                     0.000
oslo_config.tests.test_types.FloatTypeTests.test_exponential_format                         0.000
tests.test_types.BooleanTypeTests.test_yes                                                  0.000
tests.test_types.ListTypeTests.test_repr                                                    0.000
________ summary ________
  py27: commands succeeded
  congratulations :)
$ echo $?
0
$ tox -epy27 -- '(test_types|test_generator)'

A failing test is going to produce the following.

$ tox -epy27 -- test_types
GLOB sdist-make: /home/rbradfor/oslo.config/setup.py
py27 create: /home/rbradfor/oslo.config/.tox/py27
py27 installdeps: -r/home/rbradfor/oslo.config/requirements.txt, -r/home/rbradfor/oslo.config/test-requirements.txt
py27 inst: /home/rbradfor/oslo.config/.tox/dist/oslo.config-1.10.0.zip
py27 runtests: PYTHONHASHSEED='3672144590'
py27 runtests: commands[0] | python setup.py testr --slowest --testr-args=test_types
running testr
...
======================================================================
FAIL: oslo_config.tests.test_types.IPv4AddressTypeTests.test_ipv4_address
tags: worker-0
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/rbradfor/oslo.config/oslo_config/tests/test_types.py", line 386, in test_ipv4_address
    self.assertConvertedValue('192.168.0.1', '192.168.0.2')
  File "/home/rbradfor/oslo.config/oslo_config/tests/test_types.py", line 27, in assertConvertedValue
    self.assertEqual(expected, self.type_instance(s))
  File "/usr/lib/python2.7/unittest/case.py", line 515, in assertEqual
    assertion_func(first, second, msg=msg)
  File "/usr/lib/python2.7/unittest/case.py", line 508, in _baseAssertEqual
    raise self.failureException(msg)
AssertionError: '192.168.0.2' != '192.168.0.1'
Ran 186 (-117) tests in 0.102s (-0.046s)
FAILED (id=8, failures=2 (+2))
error: testr failed (1)
ERROR: InvocationError: '/home/rbradfor/oslo.config/.tox/py27/bin/python setup.py testr --slowest --testr-args=test_types'
________ summary ________
ERROR:   py27: commands failed
$ echo $?
1

Testr

This is a wrapper for the underlying testr command (found in the command line of the [testenv] section). We can reproduce what this runs manually with.

$ source .tox/py27/bin/activate
(py27)$  python setup.py testr
running testr
...
Ran 1182 tests in 0.443s (-0.025s)
PASSED (id=5)

The current tox.ini config includes the --slowest argument which is self explaining.

One benefit of running this specifically is when writing failing tests (i.e. the Test Driven Development (TDD) approach to agile software development). You do not really want to run all tests in order to see a failure. The -f option helps.

$ testr run
...
Ran 1182 (+637) tests in 2.058s (+1.064s)
FAILED (id=12, failures=2 (+1))
$ testr run -- -f
...
Ran 545 (-637) tests in 1.075s (-0.900s)
FAILED (id=13, failures=1 (-1))
$ testr run test_types -- -f
...
Ran 34 (-152) tests in 0.030s (-0.000s)
FAILED (id=18, failures=1 (-1))

NOTE: It takes a bit to realize the syntax of tox and testr and handling doubledash? -- placement. When you work it out you realize you can reproduce this with tox directly using:

$ tox -e py27 -- test_types -- -f
...
Ran 151 (+117) tests in 0.125s (+0.120s)
FAILED (id=19, failures=2 (+1))
error: testr failed (1)
ERROR: InvocationError: '/home/rbradfor/oslo.config/.tox/py27/bin/python setup.py testr --slowest --testr-args=test_types -- -f'
________ summary ________
ERROR:   py27: commands failed

The reason for dropping into an activated virtual environment and running testr manually is because tox will destroy and recreate your virtual environment each time the command is executed, which is time consuming.

The Testr source can be found at testrepository, identified by (py27)$ more `which testr`.

Testr syntax

Testr has multiple options and commands you can read about via various help options:

$ testr help
$ testr quickstart
$ testr commands
$ testr help run

Usage: testr run [options] testfilters* doubledash? testargs*
...

While debugging several testr commands were useful.

List all tests

$ testr list-tests
running=OS_STDOUT_CAPTURE=1 OS_STDERR_CAPTURE=1 OS_TEST_TIMEOUT=60 ${PYTHON:-python} -m subunit.run discover -t ./ . --list
oslo_config.tests.test_cfg.ChoicesTestCase.test_choice_bad
oslo_config.tests.test_cfg.ChoicesTestCase.test_choice_default
oslo_config.tests.test_cfg.ChoicesTestCase.test_choice_good
oslo_config.tests.test_cfg.ChoicesTestCase.test_conf_file_bad_choice_value
oslo_config.tests.test_cfg.ChoicesTestCase.test_conf_file_choice_bad_default
oslo_config.tests.test_cfg.ChoicesTestCase.test_conf_file_choice_empty_value
...

(py27)$ testr list-tests | wc -l
1183

1183 - 1 corresponds to the 1182 test run.

Last run

This enables you to review the last run tests (in a separate thread) and also get a correct error response code.

(py27)$ testr last
Ran 1182 tests in 0.575s (+0.099s)
PASSED (id=27)
(py27)$ echo $?
0
(py27)$ testr last
======================================================================
FAIL: oslo_config.tests.test_types.IPAddressTypeTests.test_ipv4_address
tags: worker-6
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/rbradfor/oslo.config/oslo_config/tests/test_types.py", line 386, in test_ipv4_address
    self.assertConvertedValue('192.168.0.1', '192.168.0.2')
  File "/home/rbradfor/oslo.config/oslo_config/tests/test_types.py", line 27, in assertConvertedValue
    self.assertEqual(expected, self.type_instance(s))
  File "/usr/lib/python2.7/unittest/case.py", line 515, in assertEqual
    assertion_func(first, second, msg=msg)
  File "/usr/lib/python2.7/unittest/case.py", line 508, in _baseAssertEqual
    raise self.failureException(msg)
AssertionError: '192.168.0.2' != '192.168.0.1'
======================================================================
FAIL: oslo_config.tests.test_types.IPv4AddressTypeTests.test_ipv4_address
tags: worker-7
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/rbradfor/oslo.config/oslo_config/tests/test_types.py", line 386, in test_ipv4_address
    self.assertConvertedValue('192.168.0.1', '192.168.0.2')
  File "/home/rbradfor/oslo.config/oslo_config/tests/test_types.py", line 27, in assertConvertedValue
    self.assertEqual(expected, self.type_instance(s))
  File "/usr/lib/python2.7/unittest/case.py", line 515, in assertEqual
    assertion_func(first, second, msg=msg)
  File "/usr/lib/python2.7/unittest/case.py", line 508, in _baseAssertEqual
    raise self.failureException(msg)
AssertionError: '192.168.0.2' != '192.168.0.1'
Ran 1182 tests in 0.445s (-0.130s)
FAILED (id=28, failures=2 (+2))
(py27)$ echo $?
1

Code Coverage

The tox.ini also provides a section for code coverage.

$ tox -e cover
GLOB sdist-make: /home/rbradfor/oslo.config/setup.py
cover inst-nodeps: /home/rbradfor/oslo.config/.tox/dist/oslo.config-1.10.0.zip
cover runtests: PYTHONHASHSEED='546795877'
cover runtests: commands[0] | python setup.py testr --coverage
running testr
...
Ran 1182 tests in 0.493s (-0.046s)
PASSED (id=26)
_________ summary _________
  cover: commands succeeded
  congratulations :)

Which is a wrapper for:

$ python setup.py testr --coverage
...
Ran 1182 tests in 0.592s (+0.116s)
PASSED (id=27)

These commands produces a /cover directory (which is not currently in .gitignore). The contents are HTML. I suspect there is likely an option for a more CLI readable format however for simplicity we publish these to an available running web server.

Apache Setup

In order to view what code coverage produces I configured Apache with a separate port and vhost in this devstack environment.

$ echo "ServerName "`hostname` | sudo tee /etc/apache2/conf-enabled/servername.conf
$ echo "Listen 81


    DocumentRoot /var/www/html
    
        Options FollowSymLinks MultiViews
        AllowOverride All
        Order allow,deny
        allow from all
    

    LogLevel warn
    ErrorLog \${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/localhost.error.log
    CustomLog \${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/localhost.access.log combined
" | sudo tee /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/localhost.conf
$ sudo apache2ctl graceful

Then I simply copied the projects coverage output as a quick hack to view.

$ sudo cp -r cover/ /var/www/html/
$ sudo apt-get install lynx-cur
$ lynx http://localhost:81/cover
                             Module                            statements missing excluded coverage
   Total                                                       12         0       0        100%
   .tox/py27/lib/python2.7/site-packages/oslo/config/__init__  6          0       0        100%
   .tox/py27/lib/python2.7/site-packages/oslo/config/cfg       1          0       0        100%
   .tox/py27/lib/python2.7/site-packages/oslo/config/cfgfilter 1          0       0        100%
   .tox/py27/lib/python2.7/site-packages/oslo/config/fixture   1          0       0        100%
   .tox/py27/lib/python2.7/site-packages/oslo/config/generator 1          0       0        100%
   .tox/py27/lib/python2.7/site-packages/oslo/config/iniparser 1          0       0        100%
   .tox/py27/lib/python2.7/site-packages/oslo/config/types     1          0       0        100%

   coverage.py v3.7.1

Documentation

The last testenv setup in oslo.config is for documentation.

$ tox -e docs
GLOB sdist-make: /home/rbradfor/oslo.config/setup.py
docs create: /home/rbradfor/oslo.config/.tox/docs
docs installdeps: -r/home/rbradfor/oslo.config/requirements.txt, -r/home/rbradfor/oslo.config/test-requirements.txt
docs inst: /home/rbradfor/oslo.config/.tox/dist/oslo.config-1.10.0.zip
docs runtests: PYTHONHASHSEED='4293391351'
docs runtests: commands[0] | python setup.py build_sphinx
running build_sphinx
creating /home/rbradfor/oslo.config/doc/build
creating /home/rbradfor/oslo.config/doc/build/doctrees
creating /home/rbradfor/oslo.config/doc/build/html
Running Sphinx v1.2.3
loading pickled environment... not yet created
Using openstack theme from /home/rbradfor/oslo.config/.tox/docs/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/oslosphinx/theme
building [html]: all source files
updating environment: 15 added, 0 changed, 0 removed
reading sources... [100%] types
looking for now-outdated files... none found
pickling environment... done
checking consistency... done
preparing documents... done
writing output... [100%] types
writing additional files... genindex py-modindex search
copying static files... WARNING: html_static_path entry u'/home/rbradfor/oslo.config/doc/source/static' does not exist
done
copying extra files... done
dumping search index... done
dumping object inventory... done
build succeeded, 1 warning.
creating /home/rbradfor/oslo.config/doc/build/man
Running Sphinx v1.2.3
loading pickled environment... done
Using openstack theme from /home/rbradfor/oslo.config/.tox/docs/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/oslosphinx/theme
building [man]: all source files
updating environment: 0 added, 0 changed, 0 removed
looking for now-outdated files... none found
writing... osloconfig.1 { cfg opts types configopts cfgfilter helpers fixture parser exceptions namespaces styleguide generator faq contributing }
build succeeded.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ summary ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
  docs: commands succeeded
  congratulations :)

This creates a /doc directory (in .gitignore) which I copied to my previously configured web container to view in HTML.

$ sudo cp -r doc/ /var/www/html/
$ lynx http://localhost:81/doc/build/html

Other tox.ini configuration

As I navigate around other Openstack projects I have noticed some differences. These include:

Alternative global settings

[tox]
minversion = 1.6
skipdist = True

More detailed [testenv]

[testenv]
setenv = VIRTUAL_ENV={envdir}
deps = -r{toxinidir}/requirements.txt
       -r{toxinidir}/test-requirements.txt
commands = python setup.py testr --slowest --testr-args='{posargs}'
[testenv]
usedevelop = True
install_command = pip install -U {opts} {packages}
setenv = VIRTUAL_ENV={envdir}
deps = -r{toxinidir}/requirements.txt
       -r{toxinidir}/test-requirements.txt
commands = python setup.py testr --testr-args='{posargs}'
whitelist_externals = bash

Some fancy output coloring.

[testenv]
usedevelop = True
install_command = pip install -U {opts} {packages}
setenv = VIRTUAL_ENV={envdir}
         NOSE_WITH_OPENSTACK=1
         NOSE_OPENSTACK_COLOR=1
         NOSE_OPENSTACK_RED=0.05
         NOSE_OPENSTACK_YELLOW=0.025
         NOSE_OPENSTACK_SHOW_ELAPSED=1
# Note the hash seed is set to 0 until horizon can be tested with a
# random hash seed successfully.
         PYTHONHASHSEED=0
deps = -r{toxinidir}/requirements.txt
       -r{toxinidir}/test-requirements.txt
commands = /bin/bash run_tests.sh -N --no-pep8 {posargs}
[testenv]
usedevelop = True
# tox is silly... these need to be separated by a newline....
whitelist_externals = bash
                      find
install_command = pip install -U --force-reinstall {opts} {packages}
# Note the hash seed is set to 0 until nova can be tested with a
# random hash seed successfully.
setenv = VIRTUAL_ENV={envdir}
         OS_TEST_PATH=./nova/tests/unit
         LANGUAGE=en_US
deps = -r{toxinidir}/requirements.txt
       -r{toxinidir}/test-requirements.txt
commands =
  find . -type f -name "*.pyc" -delete
  bash tools/pretty_tox.sh '{posargs}'
# there is also secret magic in pretty_tox.sh which lets you run in a fail only
# mode. To do this define the TRACE_FAILONLY environmental variable.

Alternative [testenv:NAME] sections

[testenv:functional]
commands = bash -x {toxinidir}/functional/harpoon.sh

[testenv:debug]
commands = oslo_debug_helper -t openstackclient/tests {posargs}

[tox:jenkins]
downloadcache = ~/cache/pip

[testenv:jshint]
commands = nodeenv -p
           npm install jshint -g
           /bin/bash run_tests.sh -N --jshint

[testenv:genconfig]
commands =
  bash tools/config/generate_sample.sh -b . -p nova -o etc/nova

Different Style guidelines

[flake8]
show-source = True
exclude = .tox,dist,doc,*.egg,build
[flake8]
show-source = True
exclude =  .venv,.git,.tox,dist,doc,*openstack/common*,*lib/python*,*egg,build,tools
[testenv:pep8]
commands = flake8
[testenv:pep8]
commands =
  /bin/bash run_tests.sh -N --pep8
  /bin/bash run_tests.sh -N --makemessages --check-only

Different Code Coverage

[testenv:cover]
commands = python setup.py testr --coverage --testr-args='{posargs}'
[testenv:cover]
# Also do not run test_coverage_ext tests while gathering coverage as those
# tests conflict with coverage.
commands =
  coverage erase
  python setup.py testr --coverage \
    --testr-args='{posargs}'
  coverage combine
  coverage html --include='nova/*' --omit='nova/openstack/common/*' -d covhtml -i

Different Docs

[testenv:docs]
commands = python setup.py build_sphinx
[testenv:docs]
commands =
  python setup.py build_sphinx
  bash -c '! find doc/ -type f -name *.json | xargs -t -n1 python -m json.tool 2>&1 > /dev/null | grep -B1 -v ^python'

Additional sections

[testenv:pip-missing-reqs]
# do not install test-requirements as that will pollute the virtualenv for
# determining missing packages
# this also means that pip-missing-reqs must be installed separately, outside
# of the requirements.txt files
deps = pip_missing_reqs
       -rrequirements.txt
commands=pip-missing-reqs -d --ignore-file=nova/tests/* nova
[hacking]
import_exceptions = oslo_log._i18n

What's Next

In a followup blog I will be talking about debugging with pdb and how to use this with tox.

References

Installing Python 3.3 on Ubuntu 14.04.2 LTS

Ubuntu 14.04 by default uses Python 2.7 and 3.4. If you want to install Python 3.3, in my case because various Openstack projects that maintain 3.3 compatibility.

I had a hard time finding what I would consider an official means. These are a third party PPA steps. I welcome comments for any other ways to install multiple Python environments.

$ sudo apt-get install -y python-software-properties
$ sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:fkrull/deadsnakes
gpg: keyring `/tmp/tmpuljbio98/secring.gpg' created
gpg: keyring `/tmp/tmpuljbio98/pubring.gpg' created
gpg: requesting key DB82666C from hkp server keyserver.ubuntu.com
gpg: /tmp/tmpuljbio98/trustdb.gpg: trustdb created
gpg: key DB82666C: public key "Launchpad Old Python Versions" imported
gpg: Total number processed: 1
gpg:               imported: 1  (RSA: 1)

NOTE: The add repo command prompts for a user response without -y.

$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:fkrull/deadsnakes

 This PPA has older and newer Python versions for Ubuntu. The packages in the official archives generally don't go back all that far, but people might still need to develop and test against these old Python interpreters. There also was a time when Google App Engine still ran on Python 2.5, but nobody likes to talk about that.

A disclaimer first: I do not guarantee any kind of updates. In particular, I shed all responsibility for security issues in these packages. If you want to use them in a security-or-otherwise-critical environment (say, on a production server), you do so at your own risk.

For Python 2.7 updates for supported Ubuntu releases, see my dedicated 2.7 PPA:

https://launchpad.net/~fkrull/+archive/ubuntu/deadsnakes-python2.7

Reporting Issues
================
Issues can be reported in the master issue tracker at:

https://bitbucket.org/fk/deadsnakes-issues

Donations
=========
If you like what I'm doing here, you can show your appreciation by donating:

https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_s-xclick&hosted_button_id=TTTFWBJ2DZK6E

Supported Ubuntu Versions
=========================
Supported — Precise, Trusty, Utopic

Generally, I try to support Ubuntu releases until their official End-of-Life.

Supported Python Versions
=========================
Currently supported releases — 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4

Basically, if an Ubuntu version doesn't have an official package for a specific major Python version (be it "any more" or "yet"), look for one in this PPA. However, for a given Python major release, don't expect to find newer point releases if there is already an older point release in the official Ubuntu repositories (i.e., if an Ubuntu release has a package for Python 2.6.4, I won't provide a package with 2.6.5 for that Ubuntu release): newer Python point releases shouldn't add new features or change behaviour, so they're rather pointless (no pun intended) for development and testing; conversely, if that Python point release has a bug that is fixed in a newer release, that's still an issue with the original package and should be taken up with the Ubuntu or Debian maintainer of the package. Besides, making these update packages externally to the original repositories is a bit of a pain.

As an exception, I have updated Python 2.7 packages for several Ubuntu releases in a separate PPA:

https://launchpad.net/~fkrull/+archive/ubuntu/deadsnakes-python2.7

Supported Python Packages
=========================
Using third-party modules packaged for Debian or Ubuntu with the Python interpreters from this repository is a bit of a mixed bag. For Python 2, Python modules from the official repositories will not work, as a consequence of how Python packaging works in Debian. For Python 3 on the other hand, all pure-Python module packages at least should be available; compiled extension modules will not work however.

In general, you're better off installing Python modules using the common Python packaging tools rather than the system package manager. For an introduction into the Python packaging ecosystem and its tools, refer to the Python Packaging User Guide [1].

[1] https://packaging.python.org
 More info: https://launchpad.net/~fkrull/+archive/ubuntu/deadsnakes
Press [ENTER] to continue or ctrl-c to cancel adding it

gpg: keyring `/tmp/tmp1rda6tjx/secring.gpg' created
gpg: keyring `/tmp/tmp1rda6tjx/pubring.gpg' created
gpg: requesting key DB82666C from hkp server keyserver.ubuntu.com
gpg: /tmp/tmp1rda6tjx/trustdb.gpg: trustdb created
gpg: key DB82666C: public key "Launchpad Old Python Versions" imported
gpg: Total number processed: 1
gpg:               imported: 1  (RSA: 1)
OK
$ sudo apt-get update
$ sudo apt-cache show python3.3
Package: python3.3
Priority: optional
Section: python
Installed-Size: 255
Maintainer: Felix Krull 
Architecture: amd64
Version: 3.3.6-4+trusty1
Suggests: python3.3-doc, binutils
Depends: python3.3-minimal (= 3.3.6-4+trusty1), libpython3.3-stdlib (= 3.3.6-4+trusty1), mime-support
Filename: pool/main/p/python3.3/python3.3_3.3.6-4+trusty1_amd64.deb
Size: 136098
MD5sum: 924f7fcd5e84d0938c1ae8e8c5b7f226
SHA1: 8e34edec87644b7c620a98a5f2e5fa54f4cbba67
SHA256: 44bc419559695dd78f9b5e37a9bf7ce586c4d3b1922e896bb15ed9d243cb578c
Description-en: Interactive high-level object-oriented language (version 3.3)
 Python is a high-level, interactive, object-oriented language. Its 3.3 version
 includes an extensive class library with lots of goodies for
 network programming, system administration, sounds and graphics.
Description-md5: d77f2abf1b0095e2e7bf5e21022e3d54
Multi-Arch: allowed
Original-Maintainer: Matthias Klose 

And now you can install the specific version.

$ sudo apt-get install -y python3.3 python3.3-dev

At this time I now have 3 different versions as well as the python and python3 aliases.

$ python --version
Python 2.7.6

$ python3 --version
Python 3.4.0

$ python2.7 --version
Python 2.7.6

$ python3.3 --version
Python 3.3.6

$ python3.4 --version
Python 3.4.0

This enabled me to now use Python 3.3. for my Openstack tox testing which at first pass produces the same error as Python 3.4

$ tox -epy33 --notest